Hope is what sustained the 102 passengers of the Mayflower who departed from Plymouth, England for the New World four hundred years ago this week. In far more grim circumstances than we face today, on September 16, 1620, there were 41 Protestant Separatists or “Saints” – better known today as the Pilgrims – seeking freedom from the Church of England. A larger group of commoners including servants and children dubbed “Strangers” simply gambled the little they had on a new life in an unknown place in northern Virginia. They were 50 men whose average age was 34, 19 women, 14 teenagers and 19 children. The oldest was 64 and the youngest, Oceanus, was born during the voyage, which was financed by London stockholders. Crammed together with sheep, goats, chickens and dogs on the gun deck only 58 feet long, 24 feet wide and 5.5 feet high, they spent a grueling 66 days at sea during the height of the storm season. They ate old bread and dried fruit and salty fish; with no fresh drinking water, each person was rationed a gallon of beer per day. Nearly five percent of those aboard died en route. Yet, they were filled with gratitude to meet their new world.

The Mayflower passengers arrived in New England on November 11 and a group of 41 managed to draft and sign a 200-word document that came to be known as the Mayflower Compact, the first document to establish the framework for our self-government. It was a simple text, one worth a review in this complicated era where there are too many federal laws in force to count and even more regulations among the 50 subject matter titles in the Federal Register. Signatories agreed to “solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God, and one another; covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic; for our better ordering, and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.”

Plymouth Rock was said to have “received the footsteps of our fathers on their first arrival” in Plymouth Harbor on December 21, 1620. But, as the Pilgrims and the non-believers slowly built their town, they largely remained aboard the Mayflower in tiny quarters for another four harsh winter months. They endured outbreaks of scurvy, pneumonia and tuberculosis, malnutrition and exposure. Only 52 of the passengers departing from England, including 5 women and half of the 50-man crew, survived that first winter.

There are an estimated 10 million living Americans and 35 million people around the world who are descended from the original passengers on the Mayflower. Several hundred thousand who are not descended from the Aldens, Bradfords or Winslows still risk untold peril every year to come to America by sea, land and air. Latest federal data show that 7.8% of our population self-designates as having English roots, 14.7% German, 12.3% Black or African-American, 10.9% Mexican, 5.5% Italian, 3.3% French, 3% Polish. The U.S. population exceeds 331 million now outnumbered by only China and India. More than 40 million of us were born in another country. 56 million of us are aged 65 or older, but our median age is 38.3 years. Approximately 6.3 million of us work in financial services.

In difficult times, it is important to maintain perspective in order to remain hopeful, much like the Mayflower passengers; we must hold steadfast to the belief that the world will improve. In a time where we are concerned for our loved ones, and in an era where we feel nervous, we must remember that back in the time of the Mayflower, the death rate of the newcomers exceeded 50%. At this writing, the COVID-19 death rate per 100,000 population is 0.06%. However, with tragedy comes a sense of gratitude for what we do have, for what kindness exists in the world. And, we hold hope for a vaccine, we have appreciation for our medical workers who treat those who are need, we gather to help strangers and neighbors, alike. Overall, this is a time to come together—we can experience this as an opportunity to unite.

Perspective helps us process the deaths of more than 196,000 Americans at this writing. With a changing world, twenty-nine million of us are receiving some type of unemployment assistance and many more have had hours or pay cut and income slashed. We have become adaptable as a significant number of children can only go to school online, but some are unsupervised and others have only limited access to the internet and learning. Small businesses are closing by the thousands in cities and small towns—some transitioning to an online model with the evolution of these times. On top of all of this, hurricanes and floods have battered the people of the southeast and megafires have destroyed nearly five million acres in the West. After six-plus months, we see some pockets of recovery but much of the nation is exhausted, numbed, or in a state of shock. The luckier among us gripe about inconveniences: gyms and salons closed, lost vacations, reunions and celebrations postponed. But at night, most of us toss and turn, worry about our college students, our parents in health care facilities, a second wave of illness, our weight, our retirement, the vaccines being rushed to market, how long we can postpone medical tests and procedures, whether our vote will count in November. Life has changed dramatically for many in these past seven months.

The financial markets are always looking to the future and the view from Wall Street is still much rosier than the one from Main Street right now. Investors have come to look to the Federal Reserve as the Rock of Gibraltar, a veritable Pillar of Hercules – a mythical point once marking the limit to the known world, now widely viewed as our barrier to unthinkable loss. So far so good. But the Fed can only loan money. So, state and local governments and markets have also looked to Washington for fiscal relief. Again: so far so good. Maybe too good. Federal spending topped $6 trillion for the first time last month and the federal deficit has topped $3 trillion for the first time; Congressional appropriators are discussing even more fiscal spending but cannot reach agreement. Eventually, they will have to take the scissors to the budget, but for now we are in historic spending mode. The President has taken certain executive actions, and perhaps no more legislative is necessary or possible until after the elections, so it is to the unelected officials of the central bank that we look for any further immediate relief if needed. 

The Fed’s monetary policy committee, the Open Market Committee, met this week for the 8th time this year and provided reassurance that they will be accommodative, hold interest rates at rock-bottom levels through 2023 and basically do whatever else is required for our economy. Economic data show that we have regained at least half of the loss of output so we may see third quarter gross domestic product above 25%. CNN and Moody’s Analytics have teamed up to produce a “Back-to-Normal” Index that actually shows the U.S. at 80% of pre-pandemic levels.

Despite the pandemic-induced recession and pain experienced across virtually every sector, the S&P 500 is up 5.27% this year, the tech-heavy Nasdaq is up nearly 25%. Gold has gained more than 28%.  The 2-year Treasury has strengthened significantly; its yield has dropped lost 143 basis points and currently stands at 0.13%.  The 2-year municipal general obligation bond yield has fallen 91 basis points to 0.13%. The 10-year Treasury at 0.67% is down 124 basis points. The 10-year muni has decreased 60 basis points to 0.84% and the 10-year Baa corporate bond yield at 2.98% is down 72 basis points.  The 30-year Treasury yield has fallen 95 basis points to 1.43% and the comparable muni yield has shed 51 basis points to stand at 1/58%.

Corporate and municipal borrowers continue to vie for space on the calendar of buyers.  So far this year, tax-exempt muni issuance at $337 billion is up 33% year-over-year. Corporate bond issuance as a whole totaled $210 billion in August alone. High yield corporate issuance exceeds $308 billion so far this year, up 74% from 2019.  Mutual fund investors have added a net of $19.2 billion to municipal bond funds, $139.4 billion to investment grade corporate funds and $40.8 billion to high yield corporate funds. With record Treasury issuance this year, outstanding debt at 9/15 totals $26,790,503,839,118.28 and returns are up about 9.31%.

Last week was shortened by the Labor Day holiday but it was by no means a quiet one. HJ Sims underwrote a $107.3 million A-minus rated revenue bond issue for Presbyterian Retirement Communities which we structured with tax-exempt term bonds due in 2055 priced with a coupon of 4.00% to yield 3.10% and taxable bonds due in 2050 priced at 4.00% to yield 4.125%.  Among recent deals on the high yield calendar, there was a $17.1 million BB+ rated California School Finance Authority issue for Classical Academies that had a thirty year term bond priced at 5.00% to yield 3.42%; a $13.3 million Ba1 rated Public Finance Authority financing for KIPP Charlotte that included 35-year term bond priced at 5.00% to yield 4.50%;  and a $10.3 million BB+ rated New Hope Cultural Education Facilities Finance Corporation issue for Southwest Preparatory Academy in San Antonio that came with a 2050 maturity priced at 5.00% to yield 4.00%.

This week, Plymouth, Minnesota has a $41.7 million general obligation bond sale planned. Local Massachusetts news reports that Plymouth Rock, the Landing Place of the Pilgrims, the symbol of our country’s first hardships and struggles, a representation of our freedom and desires for a better life, an international attraction typically drawing a million tourists every year, has unfortunately been vandalized for the second time in one week. Yet, we persevere.

There are only 54 days to Election Day (at the time of this writing). We can tell by the attack ads on TV, the robo calls, the mailers, the endorsements, the increasingly slanted campaign coverage from all sides. The fight is often framed in terms of Democrats versus Republicans, conservatives versus. liberals, progressives versus moderates, left versus right, Red versus Blue, incumbents versus challengers, the Coasts versus the Heartland, or Us versus Them. It is said to be the most important election ever, once again. And, as the sportscaster in Rocky IV exclaimed, “It’s a gutter war – no holds barred!”  On the presidential ballot, we do not hear much about the fifteen third party and independent candidates. So, for those taking due diligence seriously, it may seem that considering all the alternatives, the choices are more difficult. But, as the big day draws nearer, our choices dramatically narrow to essentially two as we examine our options from the perspective of our vested interests to either find the candidate who will best represent us or “pick the lesser of the evils” as some believe. As Henry Kissinger once said, “The absence of alternatives clears the mind marvelously.” Speaking of alternatives…

The alternative minimum tax (AMT) and the ordinary income tax are two parallel income tax systems in the U.S. The former was enacted in 1969 by Congress after the public became outraged to learn that a significant number of higher income filers had so many itemized deductions that they paid no income tax. So, to ensure that everyone pays what is viewed as their “fair share,” taxpayers must calculate their taxes under each system and pay whichever is higher. But, since the AMT was not indexed for inflation until 2013, over time more and more retirees and middle class taxpayers became subject to the higher rate. About five million filers were paying the AMT in 2017 when the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted. The new law applies to tax years 2018 to 2025. It increases the AMT exemption (generally $113,400 for married couples in 2020), indexes it to inflation, and sets the income levels at which the exemptions phase out at much higher levels (generally $1,036,800 for married couples filing jointly in 2020). Many of the tax breaks that triggered the AMT for middle class taxpayers have been changed, so there needs to be quite a few tax preference items to trigger it. These include incentive stock options, a large amount of long-term capital gains, some types of accelerated depreciation, and interest on private activity bonds. Fewer than 200,000 households are now impacted and corporations are no longer exposed to AMT liabilities.

Income from private activity bonds that fund private company projects that benefit the public such as stadiums, airline terminals, and solid waste facilities may be subject to the AMT, meaning that interest income would be taxed at the applicable AMT rate. This could be 26% or 28%. That would be a major hit to muni yields already at or near historic lows. It is easy to tell if a bond is subject to the alternative minimum tax. Since 1986 it has been required that a tax attorney provide an opinion stating whether or not the interest on each muni bond is a tax-preference item subject to the AMT. The opinion is clearly printed on the cover of each official statement. Investors must read any muni bond fund prospectus more carefully. Some funds, including Vanguard’s, may invest as much as 20% of their assets in private activity bonds so a portion of their income distributions may be subject to the AMT.

Investors are advised to speak with their tax advisors before buying bonds, or funds with bonds, that are subject to the AMT.  For those who are not subject and not likely to become subject, we encourage you to contact your HJ Sims advisor.  AMT bonds can offer some incremental yield pickup in the range of 20 basis points in the current market. They also provide access to different sectors of the muni market such as pollution control projects, student loans, single-family housing, and public-private venture expressways.  Among major issuers of both AMT and non-AMT bonds are the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the City and County of Denver, Colorado. Last week, The New York Transportation Development Corporation issued $1.51 billion of Baa3 rated special facilities revenue bonds subject to the AMT for the Delta Air Lines Terminal C and D redevelopment project at LaGuardia Airport. The 2045 term bonds priced at 4.375% to yield 4.55%.

HJ Sims was in the market last week with a $134.9 million Palm Beach County Health Facilities Authority bond issue for the Toby and Leon Cooperman Sinai Residences of Boca Raton expansion. We structured the non-rated Series A bonds with a 2055 maturity priced at 5.00% to yield 4.60%. The Series B-1 bonds due in 2027 were priced at 3.00% to yield 3.05%, the Series B-2 bonds due in 2025 were priced at 2.625% to yield 2.75%, and the Series C taxable bonds due in 2024 had a 3.875% coupon priced to yield 4.00%. Among other senior living financings, the Economic Development Corporation of the City of Grand Rapids and the Michigan Strategic Fund brought $47.1 million of BBB-minus rated refundings for United Methodist Retirement Communities and Porter Hills Presbyterian Village with final maturities in 2044 priced at 5.00% to yield 3.88%.

This week’s muni calendar is expected to total $7 billion but the investment grade corporate market may see as much as $50 billion of new issues.. At this writing, the 2-year AAA municipal general obligation bond yield stands at 0.15% versus the 2-year Treasury at 0.14%. The 10-year muni benchmark is at 0.83% while the comparable Treasury yield is 0.68%.  The 30-year tax-exempt yield is 1.57% and the Treasury is lower at 1.43%. The 10-year A rated corporate bond yields 2.22%. Stocks are weaker for the third session, sinking to a four-week low. Oil at $36.87 a barrel has fallen to prices last seen in mid-June. Gold at $1,930 an ounce is 6% off its record August high. This week’s economic calendar includes Job Openings, the Producer and Consumer Price Indices. The Senate returns from recess to vote on an alternative stimulus measure and the nation pauses on Friday, the 19th anniversary of September 11 to honor the memory of those lost and pay tribute to heroes we will never forget.

We live in a world where every inch of our body is subjected to atmospheric pressure of about 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi) at sea level. We don’t do well with abrupt increases, but if the pressure rises gradually, we are able to tolerate a lot more — something even in the range of 400 psi. There are, of course, other pressures placed upon us: pressures to be perfect, to be successful, to fit in, to be fit. From physics, we recall that the only characteristic of pressure is magnitude. From life, we know that magnitude fluctuates and that it often cannot be controlled.

For six months now, governmental policies developed in response to the pandemic have placed unprecedented pressures on individuals, families, groups, businesses, and communities. Some are folding under the pressure, other have exploded, some have adapted, others thrive. Some take medication for relief, others find release in other forms: prayer, kickboxing, community service, grants, loans, forbearance. Many state and local governments and other enterprises working with shaky budgets are unwilling to accept what may be permanent changes in revenues and expenses, and hold their breath for a fifth windfall from Washington. Financial markets, on the other hand, have enjoyed 11 years of monetary policy windfalls in the form of low rates, frequent injections of liquidity, and an ever-expanding balance sheet. So far, none have cracked under the strain of record levels of debt issuance by the U.S. Treasury and American corporations, the worst collapse in GDP in our history, 27 million unemployment claims, hundreds of bankruptcy filings, $26.7 trillion of national debt, a $4 trillion federal budget deficit, $110 billion of state budget shortfalls, and unfunded pension liabilities of $1.62 trillion. Quite to the contrary.

S&P 500 has more than fully recovered from the March coronavirus lockdown shock and is up 8.3% on the year to 3,500 as of August 31. The Nasdaq is up a staggering 31% in 2020 to 11,775. Gold has gained 30% and is now priced at 1,971 an ounce. The 2-year Treasury yield at 0.13% has plummeted 143 basis points. The 10-year is down 121 basis points to 0.70%. The 30-year at 1.47% is 91 basis points lower. The 10-year BAA corporate bond yield has fallen 68 basis point to 3.02%. In the tax-free sector, the 2-year AAA municipal general obligation bond yield has dropped 88 basis points to 0.16%, the 10-year is down 63 basis point to 0.81% and the 30-yield has fallen 53 basis points to 1.56%.

Last week, the Fed indicated that it will continue to monitor the pressure gauge, remaining accommodative regarding rates and tolerating periods of higher inflation in order to focus on keeping unemployment low. The forward-looking stock market, full of optimism for coronavirus treatments and vaccines and pleased with the better than expected economic data, continued to rally. But inflation is not welcome in the lexicon of bondbuyers, so a pressure switch was triggered.. Municipals and Treasuries both weakened; for tax-exempts, it was the third consecutive week of higher yields. Muni investors, flush with cash from more than $47 billion of maturing and called bonds in August added a total of $9.5 billion to mutual funds and ETFs despite increasing credit concerns. On the month, Treasury returns fell 1.20%. The general muni market as measured by the ICE BofAML Municipal Index lost 0.34% while the High Yield Index gained 0.42%. So far this year, Treasuries are up 9.02%, munis are up 3.25%, taxable munis are up 10.45%, and corporate bonds with maturities of 15 year and longer are up 9.05%.

Primary municipal bond volume in August exceeded $40 billion for the third straight month, propelled by $12.6 billion of taxable issuance. In the high yield sector, the Hastings Campus Housing Authority in California sold $406.8 million of non-rated bonds with a final maturity that went all the way out to 2061 priced at 5.00% to yield 4.95%. The Public Finance Authority issued $73.2 million of non-rated bonds for Whitestone Senior Living in Greensboro, North Carolina structured with 2055 term bonds priced at 5.25% to yield 4.56%, and a $20.8 million non-rated transaction for Pine Springs Preparatory Academy in Holly Springs, North Carolina that had 2055 term bonds priced at 6.25% to yield 6.618%. The North Carolina Medical Care Commission came to market with a $47.8 million non-rated deal for Pennybyrn at Maryfield that included a 2050 maturity priced with a 5% coupon to yield 4.09%. The Arizona Industrial Development Authority brought a $28.5 million non-rated financing for Linder Village in Meridian, Idaho with a single maturity in 2031 priced at 5.00% to yield 5.245%.

This week, HJ Sims is in the market with a $135.8 million expansion financing for the Toby & Leon Cooperman Sinai Residences of Boca Raton. The non-rated bonds are being issued by the Palm Beach County Health Facilities Authority and are structured with maturities in 2024, 2025, 2027, and 2055. Among other deals planned for this week is a $1.3 billion Baa3/BB+ New York Transportation Development Corporation issue for Delta Airlines at LaGuardia Airport Terminals C & D, a $274 million Southern Ohio Port Authority financing for PureCycle, a $162 million BBB/BB+ rated Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority deal for McCormick Place, a $48.2 million BBB- rated Michigan Strategic Fund/Grand Rapids Economic Development Corporation transaction for Porter Hills Presbyterian Village, and a $16.5 million BB+ rated California School Finance Authority financing for Classical Academies.

Markets will be closed on Monday as America takes the long Labor Day weekend to decompress and celebrate the many contributions made by its workforce of 160 million to the strength and prosperity of our nation. We hold closest in our thoughts the 27+ million who are unemployed and under employed as a result of the pandemic and hope that, with the help of personal and professional networks, that their searches are soon successful and talents again rewarded.

The first American post office was located in a bar in Boston, and no one who studies American history would be surprised to learn this. The historic 1639 site has since been replaced many times over and is now home to a 42-floor skyscraper of mixed office and residential use in the downtown area. So, Hinsdale, New Hampshire now holds the record for the country’s oldest continuously operating post office, a clapboard structure on Main Street that still boasts the original brass postal boxes. That location is one of 31,322 currently managed by the United States Postal Service, an independent agency of the Executive Branch, with roots dated back to 1792 when first authorized by the U.S. Constitution. Its 630,000 employees handle 48% of the world’s mail volume, operate one of the largest civilian fleets on the planet with nearly 228,000 vehicles, and place itself at the core of a $1.6 trillion mail industry with more than 7.3 million workers.

There has been a lot of attention focused of late on this agency and its prominent, perhaps integral, role in the coming elections. If many of us decide not to vote in-person at polling sites, as expected, will it be able to process millions of mail-in ballots securely and on time? Under the post 9/11 Mail Cover Program, they already photograph the front and back of every piece of U.S. mail as part of the sorting process, and we currently entrust them to handle 471 million pieces of mail every day, 36 million of our annual address changes, and 80 million of our money orders. Many of our local postal workers are highly trusted as neighbors and friends, better known to us than are any other government representatives, relied upon for critically needed deliveries. In the early days of parcel post, even children were “mailed” back and forth between parents and grandparents on rural routes. But, over the years, the postal mission of serving the public good was in large part intertwined with a business model that has become outdated by technology. It is seen by some as a poster child for mismanagement, a target for privatization, or a black hole unworthy of further taxpayer subsidies.

Ben Franklin was the first U.S. Postmaster General and Louis DeJoy is the 75th to hold that role. DeJoy is the second highest paid government official after the President and, since June, has presided over the nation’s largest retail network — bigger than McDonald’s, Starbucks and Walmart combined – paying $2 billion in salaries and benefits every two weeks, overseeing one of the nation’s oldest law enforcement agencies, straining under losses of $2.2 billion between April and June, $11 billion of debt, and Congressionally imposed limits on rate increases as well as requirements for pre-funding retiree health benefits. DeJoy, a CPA and former logistics executive, was just hauled before several Congressional committees in urgent virtual hearings, peppered with questions on his recent policy changes, and led on record to commit to delivering ballots within one to three days of being mailed. He was unable to cite the cost of mailing a postcard (35 cents) but was thankfully not asked to try and recite the famous words engraved on the front of New York City’s Farley Post Office: “Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds”, written by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus in the 5th century B.C. in reference to messengers in the Persian Empire.

The House of Representatives came back from recess for a rare Saturday session to pass a bill providing $25 billion in emergency funds for the USPS and halt any changes to its operations until after the November election. The funds would be in addition to the $10 billion loan made by the Treasury in July under a provision of the CARES Act. If additional funds are approved by the Senate and White House, they would likely come in the context of a larger stimulus package on which no consensus has been reached since May. Main Street Americans, many struggling with budgets in the hundreds and thousands of dollars find it hard to process discussions involving billions and trillions. And yet these numbers pepper the daily headlines. One trillion is a thousand billion. One billion seconds ago, it was 1988. One trillion seconds ago it was roughly 30,000 B.C. A trillion dollars in $100 bills stacked on top of each other would be 789 miles high. A United Nations policy brief projects that the pandemic will cause $1 trillion in losses to the tourism industry. More than $1.4 trillion if investment grade corporate debt has been issued so far this year. Apple’s market capitalization hit $1 trillion in August of 2018 and it topped $2 trillion last week. The U.S. budget deficit has climbed to a record $2.81 trillion. The total size of the municipal market is $3.9 trillion. The stock market has surged by $13 trillion since its March 23 low; at this writing, the S&P 500 at 3,456 and Nasdaq at 11,589 have risen to record highs. The Chinese economy totals $14 trillion and the U.S. economy totals $21 trillion. Governments and central banks have already committed $20 trillion to pandemic relief efforts The U.S. debt exceeds $26.5 trillion. Assets in U.S. funded and private pension plans exceeded $32 trillion in 2019. The largest banknote on record, 100 Trillion, was issued in Zimbabwe in 2008 at the peak of a hyperinflationary period; it was worth $33 on the black market.

The International Capital Markets Association estimates the size of the global bond market at $128.3 trillion. Bond traders, however, are working with yields that are microscopic. At this writing, the 10-year Treasury yields 0.71%. The comparable sovereign yield in Japan is 0.03%, in the United Kingdom, Spain, and Portugal it is about 0.30%, in Canada it is 0.62%, in France -0.12%, in Germany -0.41%, and in Switzerland -0.47%. The 10-year top-rated tax-exempt municipal general obligation bond yields 0.75%. The U.S. can-maker Ball Corporation recently made history by selling 10-year BB+ rated bonds at 2.875%, the lowest coupon ever in the high yield market for a bond with a tenor of 5 years or longer, according to Bloomberg. There is some nice yield, however, to be found in the U.S. corporate and municipal markets for those able to tolerate some credit and duration risk.

At HJ Sims, neither price trends nor fund flow levels nor light dealer inventories nor lack of primary supply stays our traders from the hunt for and swift execution of purchases and sales for our income-seeking clients. We scour the high yield muni and corporate markets for our clients and offer opportunities to those who contact us with their interests and risk guidelines. Last week, the Tarrant County Cultural Education Facilities Finance Corporation brought a $131.4 million non-rated deal for MRC Stevenson Oaks in Fort Worth that featured 2055 term bonds priced at par to yield 6.875%. The Massachusetts Development Finance Agency had a $56.6 million BB+ rated financing for Milford Regional Medical Center that had a final maturity in 2046 priced with a coupon of 5.00% to yield 3.27%. The Florida Development Finance Corporation issued $14.4 million of non-rated bonds for UCP Charter Schools structured with 2050 term bonds priced at 5.00% to yield 4.70%. The City of Topeka had a $12.4 million non-rated financing for senior service provider Midland Care that included 20-year tax-exempt bonds priced at par to yield 4.00%.

This week, more schools re-open with hybrid learning plans, the world’s foremost economists gather for the first virtual Jackson Hole symposium, and the first virtual Republican National Convention convenes a week after the first virtual Democratic National Convention. U.S. and Chinese trade officials meet, riots continue to upend cities from Portland to Kenosha to New York, and Hurricane Laura threatens our citizens in Texas and Louisiana. There are now more than 179,023 deaths associated with CV-19 in the US. As this summer comes to an end, our thoughts, prayers, and good wishes are with all of the students, families, caretakers, healthcare providers, government officials, party leaders, legislators, thinkers, negotiators, public safety officials, businesses, associations, and market-makers working so hard to help us endure and transcend this pandemic.